Comparative Business Ethics and Social Responsibility †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Comparative Business Ethics and Social Responsibility. Answer: Introduction: Current information on the company and situation According to Benny (2006), insider trading refers to the unlawful practices of trading securities to fit certain personal aspirations and desires of individuals by getting undue access to data and information that are considered confidential. In most countries, there are comprehensive legal systems that aim at curtailing this kind of business activity. Ideally, it is unfair in very sense to possess vital information that could possibly shift market competitions. This is because according to Acharya and Johnson (2007), insider trading can potentially raise the cost of capital for stock issuers and this may disrupt other economic processes. Thus, in many jurisdictions such as the United States, insider trading is prohibited and trading is strictly monitored to help in leveling the playing field. However, the rules central to illegal information sharing can be challenging to implement given the increased sophistication in doing business. In the case of Raj, insider trading were detected through wiretaps and this led to his conviction. While in other jurisdictions, there can be little or even no information on existence of insider trading making it hard to prosecute individuals. Galleon Network discussed in the case was a privately owned hedge fund company providing different services and viable information on investment opportunities (Driggers, 2012). The company was established in 1997 and attracted competent employees from well-established corporations such as Goldman Sachs and Needham. The company was reputed for its inherent ability to carefully identify and select the best stocks to invest in further attracting the interest of various players in the market. Raj Rajaratnam who had initially worked at Needham as an analyst for approximately 11 years prior to his switch to Galleon Group was very instrumental in overseeing the successes of Galleon (Singh and Kumar, 2014). This is because he was able to successfully lure several employees and clients from his previous company Needham. With a senior managerial position, Raj Rajaratnam nurtured a flashy style of governance that further helped in attracting and retaining more clients and employees to the organ ization. Having worked as an investment analysis with companies such as Needham, Raj Rajaratnam had the ability establish intimidating networking and note-taking research approaches. Such abilities enabled Raj to make unique and accurate market predictions on the anticipated financial conditions. Overall, Rajs committed illegal trading acts that included wire frauds and stocks amounting to approximately $63.8 million (Driggers, 2012). The investigative authorities established that Raj had obtained inside data and information from companies that Galleon was networking with and released such information for monetary gains. Specifically, Raj Rajaratnam used his deep network of associates he had made from his past stints at companies such as Needham and Goldman Sachs that he used to execute his illegal information sharing practices. Raj was later subjected to intense investigations alongside other twenty-six people and found to have committed fraud and sedition (Singh and Kumar, 2014). He was subsequently convicted and found guilty of 14 counts of illegal information sharing, con and treachery (Driggers, 2012). The downfall of Galleon, a company that was evidently blossoming in its hay days can be accredited to Raj Rajaratnams unethical business practices described above. Indeed, the stipulated information gathering methods that are the same as those that Rajaratnam used in the case are very prominent on Wall Street. Some of the information gathering techniques that facilitated Rajaratnams activities included the use of headset calls meeting, and short texts messages. While these are some of the predominant methods that we frequently use to pass data and information, they can be easily tracked back to the sender who is involved in illegal activities (Ledford, 2013). Consequently, business executives, investors and other important stakeholders should stress on confidentially and safeguard against possible leakages to unauthorized parties. It is right to argue that most people in the business world would predominantly wish to be exposed to such data and information that may give them competitive edge in a market. Therefore, Wall Street is not different as the common objective in any marketplace is to increase earnings (Massoud et al., 2011). Irrefutably, the primary objective of every business operation is to maximize profits and make as much money as possible through every means possible (Acharya and Johnson, 2010). This explains why some businesses are occasionally tempted to engage in illegal activities such as insider trading. According to Davidowitz (2014), and in the context, insider trading may refer to such processes involved in introducing unexpected changes on stock prices and aggregating peculiarly large amount of cash in an organization among other suspicions and unjustifiable activities to make more money. However, some businesses can be overwhelmed with the idea of maximizing gains and lose sight of practicing acceptable and legal practices. The insider trading practices are not unique to Galleon network, and is a problem that is likely to continue for a very long time (Massoud et al., 2011). This because most organizations especially in Wall Street that are practicing such illegal trading are devising more clever ways of hiding their activities instead of looking for viable solutions. There are limited options that stakeholders can assume to eradicate or control insider trading in organizations. However, advanced oversight may help ban these activities or altogether stop them from spreading further. Undeniably, there is an innate need to eliminate insider trading or any other illegal information gathering system that may create unfair market competitions (Acharya and Johnson, 2010). Correspondingly, there well-established and high moral standards that every business professional is required to adhere to, and violations attracts possible legal redresses (Ferrell and Fraedrich, 2015). To ensure sanity in the business world, insider and related activities must be halted at the very start to avoid any further serious impact in the market. Most importantly, businesses relies on the individuals ability to stick to the business ethical principles and resist any attempt to allow such illegal information to leak irrespective of the pay-out. Controlling or reducing insider trading and related activities can be extremely challenging and requires absolute commitment from the relevant authorities (Nardo, 2011). For instance, in the case of Galleon network, relevant fiscal authorities can keenly assess the existence of this type of information gathering. Secondly, employees in organizations such as Galleon network should be informed that they risk facing serious consequences that may include legal redresses if they are found engaging in insider trading or any other unlawful information gathering. Also, constant reminder to the employees of the business ethics and required standards of behavior may also help in eliminating insider trading (Sarkar, 2010). In the case study, constant reminder of such principles could have helped Raj to maintain an ethical mind-set allowing him to concentrate on his equally lucrative analyst position. He could have still made a decent living while helping the company to remaining competitive and avoiding such illegal acts such insider trading. Moreover, based on strong ethical principles and professionalism, Raj could have also remained loyal to his former company Needham. Employees should also be introduced to professional and ethical implications of their behaviours (Del Guercio, Odders-White, and Ready, 2013). Indeed, insider trading or illegal information sharing techniques have numerous negative impacts both for investors and markets as can be derived from the analysis of Rajaratnam case. Consequently, there must be severe repercussions of sharing confidential material information in viable organization (Marin and Olivier, 2008). Precisely, most institutions prohibits the illegal sharing of information that is not in the public domain and violating such organizational directives can attract serious implications. This explains why Galleon network sanctioned the prosecution and subsequent jailing of its employee Rajaratnam who was found guilty of such illegal actions. There are numerous effective laws that prohibits organizations from participating in illegal information sharing (Grgoire and Coupland, 2016). Correspondingly, insider trading can have irredeemable impacts on the reputation of companies accused of harboring such activities. Besides, having access to data and information that are not yet made public is an unfair business practice that should be tolerated. Raj had a lawful privilege to access and possess information that could influence the market outcomes. The implications of Rajs actions are pretty obvious from the case study of Galleon Company. Another implication of insider trading is that potential and existing investors may opt to stay out of the market and look for other secure alternatives such investing in government bonds. For instance, such unlawful activities may meaningfully violate the rights of various market stakeholders who are the primary owners of certain vital data and information. Thus, Galleons insider trading injured the general reputation of other companies operating in similar line of business (Cheng, Yeh, and Tu, 2008). Practically, attaining certain organizational objectives can be challenging and takes much more time to accomplish. This explains why some organizations, even those in Wall Street are being tempted to engage in illegal information sharing without considering the implications of such actions. Such organizations perceive insider trading as a feasible process that they can use to speedily attain their long-term objectives. Yet, such illegal activities may in fact adversely contribute to the decline in long-term organizational efficiency (Grgoire and Coupland, 2016). Unfair business practices are myopic options that can only serve to derail the very precept of ethical behaviours of humanity. Another implication of insider trading is possible loss of jobs and time wastage in long judicial procedures to prosecute the culprits (Betzer and Theissen, 2009). Also, Raj and his associates deserves the consequent prosecution and sentencing to jail terms in addition to reimbursing fines and legal fees. From these well explained implications of involving in unfair information sharing, no organizational employee should be tempted or even coerced to make such bad decisions (Huddart and Ke, 2007). Also, if an individual was exposed to such unfair information, he should immediately report to the investigative authorities instead of trying to use such materials to influence market operations. From the Galleon case, it is expressively detailed that Raj endorsed the sharing of confidential information without obtaining the permission from relevant stakeholders such as investors (Peress, 2010). As such, Raj breached the secrets and techniques that are the very foundation of confidential market and businesses practices. Such information are perceived to be of high value and can expressively breach the long-term trust of various shareholders (Huddart and Ke, 2007). Insider trading propagated by Raj also resulted into severe monetary implications particularly on companies operating in the same market as Galleon due to tattered confidence among the shareholders. I believe that Galleon had business agreements with other companies and market players and subsequent violations deserves severe implications (Cheng, Yeh, and Tu, 2008). Insider trading may also contribute to the downsizing of the market resulting into detrimental effects on major market players such as companies (Beny, 2006). As already sparingly mentioned, when investors suspect or prove insider trading or any other illegal information sharing activity, they will vacate the market en masse resulting into the supposed downsizing. As such, the primary implication that can be derived from engaging in insider trading as explained in the Galleon case is that it is a risky and unethical affair that cause unprecedented troubles. For instance, when confidential information on the securities market are shared with the media before being publicly traded, the stock prices be influenced based on such information. Of course if insider trading was not illegal, it could significantly shape decisions about how to trade stocks are traded if such information are made public (Cheng, Yeh, and Tu, 2008). Individuals and businesses would relish the idea of possessing vital knowledge of the best stocks to trade, the most appropriate market move and decisions. However, every business decision should be guarded by the set ethical guidelines, values and beliefs (Acharya and Johnson, 2007). Moreover, such illegal activities are not supported by any justice system and may only land an individual and company into trouble with the law enforcement agencies. Therefore, possessing such illegal knowledge should never influence or coerce an individual or an organization to oblige. It is an extensive concept that embraces business-related secrets as well as general information. This therefore is definitely an issue that would affect my decision on trading a stock (Marin and Olivier, 2008). The investigation into Galleon insider trading allegations was successfully conducted using wiretaps and aimed at deterring other fund managers and stockholders from sharing information that are not yet in the public domain (McGee, 2010). The case was considered to be the biggest hedge fund scheme and the extensive use of wiretaps was a direct warning to other players in the business that there were new ways of being caught in the act. While Rajs actions can be accredited to his exceptional greed for money and quick success, his subsequent prosecution and conviction was a significant milestone and a step in the right direction in the fight against illegal information sharing (Ferrell and Fraedrich, 2015). As such, based on the evidence that were gathered through wiretaps, I believe that a lot of people will avoid such unethical practices. Raj believed that that he was invincible, and that he had the ability to outsmart the authorities but was ultimately reprimanded. Rajs confidence in his invincibility was captured in one of testimonies that allowed in court. In a statement issued to the court, a witness who was also an employee at Galleon asserted that Raj had instructed employees to create secure emails that could be used to hide his illegal sources of information and other illegal practices. So I believe given that Raj was caught despite his massive influence in the market and association with other influential will deter other new companies from engaging in similar actions (Tamersoy et al., 2013). However, those companies that are already engaged in these illegal and unfair practices are likely not stop (Langevoort, 2014). Instead, they might even develop more sophisticated ways of conducting insider trading to reduce the probability of getting caught in the act like Rajs Galleon. In fact, according to Tamersoy et al. (2014), the number of insider trading is on a rapid rise, and he attribute this to an increasingly technological savvy market that is it even harder to nab these fraudulent companies. Most of these corrupt fund managers believe that the perceived benefits outweighs the possible risk of being caught. As a result, the conviction of Raj is may not influence other managers to back out of insider trading (Skaife, Veenman, and Wangerin, 2013). I am certain that once the findings of the Galleon case were made public, many companies that were directly involved in insider trading did not halt their illegal acts but instead became more sophisticated. For instance, many such companies must have attempted to filter out any suspicious individual who they could have suspected to be an undercover officer (Tamersoy et al., 2013). Similarly, other similar companies became extra attentive to their surrounding and develop other ways of communication rather than using Rajs short text messaging and phones that could be traced. Such companies who were already practicing insider trading could not afford to allow infractions hence the need to be extra careful in their dealings (Lee et al., 2014). In the long-run, I believe Rajs conviction is not likely to change other fund managers who have developed unquenchable greed for quick extra money from sharing illegal information. Certainly, there will always be a few bad influence in the business world and Wall Street is not an exception (Hillier, Korczak, and Korczak, 2015). Even employees are being involved in insider trader and this is evident from the increased number of ordinary workers who are currently owning stock options. The most important thing that can be derived from the Galleon case is that the justice system at least made a mark and communicated strongly that they will ultimately catch other unscrupulous fund managers. Therefore, other than secret investigations and convictions, there are other effective methods that can be used to deter hedge fund managers and other stakeholders from engaging in insider trading. For example, authorities can insist on the usage of stamped watermarks to reduce the probability of authorized users passing the same information in the imprints to other unauthorized players (Hillier, Korczak, and Korczak, 2015). Fund managers can also cooperate with federal and internal investigators to establish the existence of illegal activities and prosecute culprits. In exchange for cooperation and disclosure, the federal government can offer the managers protection as a witness to the crimes being investigated. Overall, the business world relived on the intrinsic ability of hedge fund managers to make ethical decisions that may ultimately shun illegal information sharing (Ferrell and Fraedrich, 2015). Conclusion From the analysis of Galleon group, it is evident that insider trading or any other illegal information sharing techniques can have negative consequences on a companys reputation and sustainability. Notably, such illegal information gathering techniques that were propagated by Rajaratnams are quite common on Wall Street. As such, there is an intrinsic need for market regulators, investors, and company executives to take decisive actions aimed at reducing or eliminating such practices. Indisputably, some organizations are gaining insatiable appetite for money and are developing unique schemes to swindle the public through involvement in illegitimate information sharing practices. Just like Raj, such organizations always believe that they are smarter than the authorities but are ultimately discovered and prosecuted (Singh and Kumar, 2014). Ultimately, authorities discovered Raj Rajaratnams fraudulent activities and trade secrets leading to his conviction of insider trading. Notably, Raj Rajaratnam could have used his skills and experience he acquired from working with other big companies such as Needham to help Galleon to grow further in status. Instead, Raj Rajaratnam was involved in unethical conspiracies with other firms aimed at discussing vital information about stocks and other business processes that were not meant for public consumption at the time. Therefore, the Galleon case clearly shows that insider trading can result into the termination of a companys activities and legal redresses (Singh and Kumar, 2014). Raj Rajaratnams position at Galleon required him to remain ethical given that he owned the consumers a duty of discretion on certain stocks and products especially if such information held risks and possible harm. References Acharya, V.V. and Johnson, T.C. (2007) Insider trading in credit derivatives, Journal of Financial Economics,84(1), pp.110-141. Acharya, V.V. and Johnson, T.C. (2010) More insiders, more insider trading: Evidence from private-equity buyouts, Journal of Financial Economics,98(3), pp.500-523. Beny, L.N. (2006) Insider trading laws and stock markets around the world: An empirical contribution to the theoretical law and economics debate, J. Corp. L.,32, p.237. Betzer, A. and Theissen, E. (2009) Insider trading and corporate governance: The case of Germany, European Financial Management,15(2), pp.402-429. Cheng, J.H., Yeh, C.H. and Tu, C.W. (2008) Trust and knowledge sharing in green supply chains, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,13(4), pp.283-295. Davidowitz, A.S. (2014) Abandoning the Mosaic Theory: Why the Mosaic Theory of Securities Analysis Constitutes Illegal Insider Trading and What to Do about It, Wash. UJL Pol'y,46, p.281. Del Guercio, D., Odders-White, E. and Ready, M. (2013) The deterrence effect of sec enforcement intensity on illegal insider trading, Available at SSRN. Driggers, A. (2012) Raj Rajaratnam's historic insider trading sentence.Am. Crim. L. Rev.,49, p.2021. Ferrell, O.C. and Fraedrich, J. (2015) Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Grgoire, P. and Coupland, J. (2016) Informed and Uninformed Trading with Correlated Assets: An Experimental Study, Hillier, D., Korczak, A. and Korczak, P. (2015) The impact of personal attributes on corporate insider trading, Journal of Corporate Finance,30, pp.150-167. Huddart, S.J. and Ke, B. (2007) Information asymmetry and cross?sectional variation in insider trading, Contemporary Accounting Research,24(1), pp.195-232. Langevoort, D.C. (2014) Insider Trading: Regulation, Enforcement, and Prevention, app, D, SEC's Proposed Insider Trading Bill A,16. Ledford, H. (2013) Insider trading sparks concerns, Nature,493(7432), pp.280-281. Lee, I., Lemmon, M., Li, Y. and Sequeira, J.M. (2014) Do voluntary corporate restrictions on insider trading eliminate informed insider trading?Journal of Corporate Finance,29, pp.158-178. Marin, J.M. and Olivier, J.P. (2008) The dog that did not bark: Insider trading and crashes, The Journal of Finance,63(5), pp.2429-2476. Massoud, N., Nandy, D., Saunders, A. and Song, K. (2011) Do hedge funds trade on private information? Evidence from syndicated lending and short-selling, Journal of Financial Economics,99(3), pp.477-499. McGee, R.W. (2010) Analyzing insider trading from the perspectives of utilitarian ethics and rights theory, Journal of Business Ethics,91(1), pp.65-82. Nardo, M. (2011) Economic crime and illegal markets integration: a platform for analysis, Journal of Financial Crime,18(1), pp.47-62. Peress, J. (2010) Product market competition, insider trading, and stock market efficiency, The Journal of Finance,65(1), pp.1-43. Sarkar, K.R. (2010) Assessing insider threats to information security using technical, behavioural and organisational measures, information security technical report,15(3), pp.112-133. Singh, A.K. and Kumar, A. (2014) Insider Trading: Comparative Analysis of India and USA, Skaife, H.A., Veenman, D. and Wangerin, D. (2013) Internal control over financial reporting and managerial rent extraction: Evidence from the profitability of insider trading, Journal of Accounting and Economics,55(1), pp.91-110. Tamersoy, A., Khalil, E., Xie, B., Lenkey, S.L., Routledge, B.R., Chau, D.H. and Navathe, S.B. (2014) Large-scale insider trading analysis: patterns and discoveries, Social Network Analysis and Mining,4(1), p.201. Tamersoy, A., Xie, B., Lenkey, S.L., Routledge, B.R., Chau, D.H. and Navathe, S.B. (2013) Inside insider trading: Patterns discoveries from a large scale exploratory analysis, InProceedings of the 2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining(pp. 797-804). ACM.